Keithley Keithley LowLevelHandbook 7Ed free download

File name Keithley LowLevelHandbook_7Ed.pdf

7Edition th Low Level Measurements Handbook Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements Low Level Measurements Handbook Precision DC Current, Voltage, and Resistance Measurements SEVENTH EDITION Contents SECTION 1 Low Level DC Measuring Instruments 1.1 Introduction ... 1-3 1.2 Theoretical Measurement Limits ... 1-3 1.3 Instrument Definitions ... 1-5 1.3.1 The Electrometer ... 1-5 1.3.2 The DMM ...1-7 1.3.3 The Nanovoltmeter ...1-7 1.3.4 The Picoammeter ... 1-8 1.3.5 The Source Measure Unit Instrument ... 1-8 1.3.6 The Low Current Preamp ... 1-9 1.3.7 The Micro-ohmmeter ... 1-9 1.3.8 The Low Current Source ... 1-9 1.4 Understanding Instrument Specifications ... 1-10 1.4.1 Definition of Accuracy Terms ...1-10 1.4.2 Accuracy ...1-11 1.4.3 Deratings ...1-15 1.4.4 Noise and Noise Rejection ...1-15 1.4.5 Speed ...1-17 1.5 Circuit Design Basics ... 1-17 1.5.1 Voltmeter Circuits ...1-17 1.5.2 Ammeter Circuits ...1-19 1.5.3 Coulombmeter Circuit ...1-23 1.5.4 High Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits ...1-24 1.5.5 Low Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits...1-26 1.5.6 Complete Instruments ... 1-28 SECTION 2 Measurements from High Resistance Sources 2.1 Introduction ... 2-2 2.2 Voltage Measurements from High Resistance Sources ... 2-2 2.2.1 Loading Errors and Guarding... 2-3 2.2.2 Insulation Resis